‘Average $ Values’ used (per metric) – for Australia

Saturday, 29 October 2022

Metric	$ Value	Source
Costs of Carbon abatement (CCA)	$56 per ton of carbon dioxide	Source: Infrastructure Australia, “Valuing emissions for economic analysis,” February 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-05/24IA_Guidance%20note%20-%20Applying%20emissions%20values_1.pdf.
Water	$310 per ML of water	Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Water Account, Australia,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/environment/environmental-management/water-account-australia/2021-22. [Accessed May 2025].
Energy – Fuel (Diesel)	174.27 cents per litre ($0.046 per MJ)	Source: Australian Institute of Petroleum, “National Retail Diesel Prices,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.aip.com.au/pricing/national-retail-diesel-prices. [Accessed May 2025].
Energy – Fuel (Petrol)	167.45 cents per litre ($0.049 per MJ)	Source: Australian Institute of Petroleum, “National Retail Petrol Prices,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.aip.com.au/pricing/national-retail-petrol-prices. [Accessed May 2025].
Energy – Electricity	$88 per megawatt hour (MWh) ($0.024 per MJ)	Source: AEMO, “National Electricity Market hits new demand and renewable energy records in December quarter,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://aemo.com.au/newsroom/media-release/national-electricity-market-hits-new-demand-and-renewable-energy-records-in-december-quarter#:~:text=Wholesale%20electricity%20prices%20averaged%20$88%20per%20megawatt,than%20the%20previous%20quarter%20average%20. [Accessed May 2025].
Waste	$111.4 per tonne Waste (Spoil) – ‘$ avoided’ Calculation $ avoided from waste diversion are calculated based on how much spoil is diverted from landfill beyond the national average (66%) i.e. Beyond BAU diversion. Example: If a project diverts 97% of spoil from landfill in FY2024, the Beyond BAU diversion percentage is.: 97% – 66% = 31% $ avoided = Total spoil diverted (tonnes) × 31% × Average dollar value per tonne	Calculated by taking the averages of Metropolitan and Regional Levy across NSW, VIC, QLD, WA and SA. Source: EPA NSW, “Waste levy areas and levy rates,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/Your-environment/Waste/waste-levy/levy-regulated-area-and-levy-rates. [Accessed May 2025]. EPA Victoria, “Waste levy,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/for-business/find-a-topic/landfill-guidance/waste-levy?utm_source=chatgpt.com. [Accessed May 2025]. Queensland Government, “Levy rates,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/circular-economy-waste-reduction/disposal-levy/about/levy-rates?utm_source=chatgpt.com. [Accessed May 2025]. Government of Western Australia, “Waste levy rate schedule,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.wa.gov.au/service/environment/environment-information-services/waste-levy-rate-schedule?utm_source=chatgpt.com. [Accessed May 2025]. EPA South Australia, “Waste levy,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.sa.gov.au/business_and_industry/waste-levy?utm_source=chatgpt.com. [Accessed May 2025].
Asphalt	$185 per tonne	Source: Pavertrend, “Pavertrend Asphalt / Hot mix Tonnage Calculator,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://pavertrend.com.au/asphalt/asphalt-calculator?utm_source=chatgpt.com. [Accessed May 2025].
Concrete	$250 per m³	Calculated by taking the averages of concrete pricing across two sources. Source: Hipages, “How much is the cost of concrete per m3?,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://hipages.com.au/article/cost_of_concrete_per_m3?utm_source=chatgpt.com. [Accessed May 2025]. J. Jeffery, “How much does concreting cost? 2025 cost guide,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.service.com.au/articles/concreters/how-much-does-concreting-cost. [Accessed May 2025].
Steel	$2,133 per tonne	Calculated by taking the averages of steel pricing from the source. Source: NVC Engineering, “Structural Steel Costs in Australia: A Comprehensive Guide,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nvcengineering.com/post/structural-steel-costs-in-australia-a-comprehensive-guide. [Accessed May 2025].